PresentationattheWorldVeterinaryPoultryAssociation,Cairo,Egypt,January2002p.200

Introduction:

Mycoplasmainfectioncontinuestobeanimportantcauseoflossinpoultryproduction.Kleven(1990)describedthelossesduetoMycoplasmagallisepticum(MG).Thesewereareductionineggproductionof10-20%,anincreaseinembryomortalityandchickmortalityof5-10%andareductioninweightgainandfeedconversionefficiencyof10-20%.InspiteoftheavailABIlityofvaccines,antimicrobialusecontinuestobethemosteconomicmethod(Stipkovitsetal,1993)ofcontrollingtheseinfections,wherethediseasesarestillendemic.

Asaresult,resistancehasdevelopedtoanumberofantimicrobialsandthepurposeofthispaperistoreviewtheactivityoftiamulinandseveralantimicrobialsagainstanumberofcommonpathogenicpoultrymycoplasma,MG,M.synoviae(MS),M.meleagridis(MM)andM.iowae(MI)andcomparetheirresistancedevelopmentoverthelast25years.

MaterialsandMethods:

Asearchofpublishedliteraturewascarriedoutandthesedatawascombinedwithourowninternalreports.Atotalof20referenceswerecompiled.Reportsfrom1975-1989andfrom1990-2000werecompared.Therangesofminimuminhibitoryconcentrations(MICs)ofvariousantimicrobialsagainstvariousmycoplasmaspecieswereenteredintoadatabase.Themaximumandminimumdataforeachtimeperiodwerecomparedfortiamulin,tylosin,oxytetracycline,lincomycinandenrofloxacin.

Results:

Fromthe20referencesandreports,13werefrombefore1990andsevenfrom1990andafter.Therewasinformationon241isolatesofMG,105ofMS,28ofMMand111ofMI.Thecomparativedataforthefourmycoplasmaspeciesaresummarizedinthetablesbelow.

Table1.Mycoplasmagallisepticum,MICranges(µg/ml)bytimeperiod(no.ofisolates)

Antimicrobial	1975-1989(175)	1990-2000(66)
Tiamulin	0.0039-0.78	0.006-0.39
Tylosin	0.01-75	0.006-400
Oxytetracycline	0.12-10	0.05-200
Lincomycin	0.4-64	0.125-6.25
Enrofloxacin	0.01-0.25	0.0125-2.0

Table2.Mycoplasmasynoviae,MICranges(µg/ml)bytimeperiod(no.ofisolates)

Antimicrobial	1975-1989(53)	1990-2000(52)
Tiamulin	0.031-1.0	0.006-0.5
Tylosin	0.015-75	0.006-50
Oxytetracycline	0.06-0.08	0.025-100
Lincomycin	0.31-6.0	0.05-1.56
Enrofloxacin	0.1-1.0	0.025-1.56

Table3.Mycoplasmameleagridis,MICranges(µg/ml)bytimeperiod(no.ofisolates)

Antimicrobial	1975-1989(17)	1990-2000(11)
Tiamulin	0.03-1.0	0.025-3.13
Tylosin	0.015-3.0	0.78-50
Oxytetracycline	0.3-5.0	0.05-25
Lincomycin	0.5-5.0	0.05-25
Enrofloxacin	0.015-1.0	0.1-3.13

Table4.Mycoplasmaiowae,MICranges(µg/ml)bytimeperiod(no.ofisolates)

Antimicrobial	1975-1989(25)	1990-2000(86)
Tiamulin	0.015-10	0.006-0.125
Tylosin	0.05-64	0.05-100
Oxytetracycline	1-3	0.025-100
Lincomycin	3-64	0.05-100
Enrofloxacin	0.1-1.0	0.005-1.0

Conclusions:

MGhasshownnoresistancedevelopmenttotiamulinoverthelast25yearsandall241isolatescouldbeconsideredsensitive.Incontrastthereisresistancedevelopmenttotylosin,oxytetracycline,lincomycinandborderlineresistancetoenrofloxacinandthisappearstohaveincreasedinthelastdecade.

MShasshownnoincreaseinresistancetotiamulinandalmostallofthe105isolateswouldbeconsideredsensitive.Incontrast,resistancehasdevelopedtotylosinandoxytetracycline.Levelsofresistancetolincomycinremainlowandallstrainscouldbeconsideredsensitivetoenrofloxacin.

MMisolates(28)fromturkeysshowsomeresistancetotiamulinandenrofloxacin.However,tylosin,oxytetracyclineandlincomycinshowamarkedincreaseinresistancedevelopment.

MIhasdevelopedalmostnoresistancetotiamulinandenrofloxacin.Intheninetiesallisolateswouldbeconsideredsensitive.Highlevelsofresistancehavedevelopedtotylosin,oxytetracyclineandlincomycin.

ThesefindingsconfirmthoseofDrewsandothers(1975)andStipkovitsandBurch(1993)thattiamulinisalowinducerofresistanceinmycoplasmaincomparisonwithtylosinandslowerthanoxytetracyclineandenrofloxacin(StipkovitsandBurch,1993)asresistancehasnotdevelopedwithlong-termuse.FurThermore,thehighestMICleveloftiamulinagainstMGinrecentyearsis16timeslowerthanthatoflincomycin.

Inconclusion,tiamulincouldbeconsideredahighlyeffectivetherapeuticinmycoplasmacontrolprogramsforbothchickensandturkeys.

References:

Drews,J.Georgopolous,A.,Laber,G.,Schütze,E.andUnger,J.(1975)Antimicrobialactivitiesof81.723hfu,anewpleuromutilinderivative.AntimicrobialAgentsandChemotherapy,2,5,pp507-516

Kleven,S.H.(1990)Summaryofdiscussionsofavianmycoplasmateam.AvianPathology,19,pp795-800

Stipkovits,L.andBurch,D.G.S.(1993)Antibioticresistanceofmycoplasmasofchickensandturkeyorigin.ProceedingsXthWorldVeterinaryPoultryAssociationCongress,Sydney,p179,Abst121

Stipkovits,L.,Laber,G.andBurch,D.G.S.(1993)ComparativestudiesonefficacyofMGbacterinandtiamulintreatmentofbreederlayers.ProceedingsXthWorldVeterinaryPoultryAssociationCongress,Sydney,p155,Abst40

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Ziv,G.(1980)Preliminaryclinicalpharmacologyinvestigationsoftylosinandtiamulininchickens.TheVeterinaryQuarterly,2,4,pp206-210

Forster,T.C.,Ridgeway,E.J.andBaines,S.(1982)Invitrostudiesontiamulinandkitasamycinagainstarangeoforganismsincludingpigpathogens.ProceedingsoftheInternationalPigVeterinarySociety,MexicoCity,p284

Burch,D.G.S.andStipkovits,L.(1993)Enhancementeffectoftiamulinandchlortetracyclineortiamulinanddoxycyclinecombinationsagainstmycoplasmas.ProceedingsoftheXthWorldPoultryAssociationCongress,Sydney,p167,88

Hinz,K.H.(1980)InvitrosensitivityofMycoplasmagallisepticumfieldstrainstotiamulinandtylosin.DeutscheTierärztlicheWochenschrift87,pp220-223

Grant,M.(1980)ReporttoE.R.SquibbandSons‘SensitivityofMycoplasmameleagridisandMycoplasmaiowae’

Levisohn,S.(1981)AntibioticsensitivitypatternsinfieldisolatesofMycoplasmagallisepticumasaguidetochemotherapy.IsraeliJournalofMedicalScience,17,pp661-666

Bowtell,D.andWhithear,K.(1981)ReporttoE.R.SquibbandSons‘AsurveyoftheantibioticsensitivityofAustralianisolatesofMycoplasmagallisepticum,MycoplasmasynoviaeandMycoplasmapulmonis’

Whithear,K.G.,Bowtell,D.D.,Ghiocas,E.andHughes,K.L.(1983)Evaluationanduseofamicro-brothdilutionprocedurefortestingsensitivityoffermentativeavianmycoplasmastoantibiotics.AvianDiseases27,4,pp937-949

Baxter-Jones,C.(1984)ReporttoE.R.SquibbandSons‘SensitivityofM.synoviae’

Jordan,F.T.W.andKnight,D.(1984)Theminimuminhibitoryconcentrationofkitasmycin,tylosinandtiamulinforMycoplasmagallisepticumandtheirprotectiveeffectoninfectedchicks.AvianPathology,13pp151-162

Lin,M.Y.(1987)InvitrocomparisonoftheactivityofvariousantibioticsanddrugsagainstnewTaiwanisolatesandstandardstrainsofavianmycoplasmas.AvianDiseases.31,pp705-712

Kempf,I.,Ollivier,C.,Hospitalier,R.,Guittet,M.andBennejean,G.(1989)Concentrationsminimalesinhibitricesde13antibiotiquesvis-a-visde21souchesdemycoplasmasdesvolailles.LePointVétérinaire,20,118,pp83-88

Takahata,T.andothers(1992)Proceedingsofthe19^thWorld’sPoultryCongress,Amsterdam,Posterpresentation

Koh,H.B.,Kang,M.I.andKim,G.N.(1993)AntimicrobialdrugsusceptibilityofMycoplasmagallisepticumisolatedfromthecaseofchronicrespiratorydiseaseoutbreaks.KoreanJournalofVeterinaryPublicHealth,17,1,pp63-68

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