TheNav1.1voltage-gatedsodiumchannelisacriticalcontributortoexcitabilityinthebrain,wherepathologicallossoffunctionleadstosuchdisordersasepilepsy,Alzheimer’sdisease,andautism.Thisvoltage-gatedsodium(Nav)channelsubtypealsoplaysanimportantroleinmechanicalpainsignalingbyprimaryafferentsomatosensoryneurons.Therefore,pharmacologicmodulationofNav1.1representsapotentialstrategyfortreatingexcitabilitydisordersofthebrainandperiphery.InactivationisacomplexaspectofNavchannelgatingandconsistsoffastandslowcomponents,eachofwhichmayinvolveacontributionfromoneormorevoltage-sensingdomains.Here,weexploittheHm1aspidertoxin,aNav1.1-selectivemodulator,tobetterunderstandtherelationshipbetweenthesetemporallydistinctmodesofinactivationandaskwhethertheycanbedistinguishedpharmacologically.WeshowthatHm1ainhibitsthegatingmovementofthedomainIVvoltagesensor(VSDIV),hinderingbothfastandslowinactivationandle
ADIngtoanincreaseinNav1.1availabilityduringhigh-frequencystimulation.Incontrast,ICA-121431,asmall-moleculeNav1.1inhibitor,acceleratesasubsequentVSDIVgatingtransitiontoaccelerateentryintotheslowinactivatedstate,resultinginuse-dependentblock.FurtherevidenceforfunctionalcouplingbetweenfastandslowinactivationisprovidedbyaNav1.1mutantinwhichfastinactivationremovalhascomplexeffectsonslowinactivation.Takentogether,ourdatasubstantiatethekeyroleofVSDIVinNavchannelfastandslowinactivationanddemonstratethatthesegatingprocessesaresequentialandcoupledthroughVSDIV.ThesefindingsprovideinsightintoapharmacophoreonVSDIVthroughwhichmodulationofinactivationgatingcaninhibitorfacilitateNav1.1function.
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