The vertebrate immune system has evolved innate immune defense pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) motifs within bacterial DNA. Cellular activation by CpG motifs occurs via the Toll signal pathway. The Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9, CD289) appears to be a major component of the CpG-DNA receptor, acting by direct binding to CpG- DNA, which triggers the induction of cell signaling pathways including the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPKs) and NFkB, leading to stimulation of various cells of the immune system. The human TLR9 is expressed in B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC). Mice also express TLR9 in the myeloid compartment. Optimal sequences for activating TLR9 vary among species. Synthetic ODN contain CpG-DNA motifs mimicking the immunostimulatory effects of bacterial DNA and can, therefore, be used as immunoprotective agents, vaccine adjuvants and anti-allergic agents. CpG ODN also affects immune tolerance and autoimmunity. Different classes of CpG ODN are characterized each with distinct effects on the immune response: CpG-A ('D'-type), CpG-B ('K'-type), and CpG-C.||Source:|This non-CpG is a 20-mer ODN has the following sequence: 5'-gcttgatgactcagccggaa-3'. It does not show any biological activity in various experimental systems tested and is able to compete with CpG ODN in in vitro stimulation experiments. Regular letters represent phosphorothioate linkage.||Applications: |Suitable for use as control and as inhibitor in biological assays in vitro for both human and murine cells. Other applications not tested.||Recommended Dilutions:|In vitro Stimulation: 0.05-3uM|Optimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.||Storage and Stability:|Lyophilized powder may be stored at -20°C. Stable for 12 months at -20°C. Reconstitute with dH2O. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20°C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer. USBio的生物化学品，抗体，重组蛋白，细胞培养基和分子生物学试剂盒几乎用于所有科学应用和环境，包括基因组研究，生物技术，药物开发和疾病诊断。USBio产品从经济实惠的研究数量到更大的批量可用于工艺开发和生产。我们的客户包括位于美国和国外的大多数*的制药和生物技术公司。