Ready-to-use whole cell lysates produced by Rockland Immunochemicals are derived from cell lines or tissues using highly refined extraction protocols to ensure exceptionally high quality, protein integrity and lot-to-lot reproducibility.  All extracts are tested by SDS-PAGE using 4-20% gradient gels and immunoblot analysis using antibodies to key cell signaling components to confirm the presence of both high molecular weight and low molecular weight proteins. Tissues were washed exhaustively with PBS to remove blood and other debris. A lysate was prepared by homogenizing the tissue and washing the cells in cold PBS. Washed cells were incubated at 4° C in modified RIPA buffer containing 150 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM Tris Cl, pH 7.4, 1 mM EDTA, 1.0% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholic acid and 0.1% SDS to lyse the cells. Protein integrity is ensured using a cocktail of protease inhibitors with broad specificity for the inhibition of aspartic, cysteine, and serine proteases as well as aminopeptidases (0.1 mM AEBSF HCl, 0.08 µM Aprotinin, 5 µM Bestatin, 1.5 µM E-64, 2 µM Leupeptin Hemisulfate and 1 µM Pepstatin A). The following phosphatase inhibitors were also added: 1 mM NaF and 1 mM Na3VO4. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation and membrane filtration. Protein concentration was determined by BCA assay using a commercially available kit. Protein concentration was adjusted to 1 mg/mL with 2X Sample buffer. Ready-to-use whole cell lysates produced by Rockland Immunochemicals are derived from cell lines or tissues using highly refined extraction protocols to ensure exceptionally high quality, protein integrity and lot-to-lot reproducibility.  All extracts are tested by SDS-PAGE using 4-20% gradient gels and immunoblot analysis using antibodies to key cell signaling components to confirm the presence of both high molecular weight and low molecular weight proteins.