Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern-recognition molecules resembling the toll proteins that mediate antimicrobial responses in Drosophila. These proteins recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. The TLRs act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors so the organism can respond to potential infection. TLR1 is co-expressed with TLR2 on myeloid cells of the innate immune systems in lymphoid tissue such as monocytes and dendritic cells where they form heterodimers that can recognize triacylated lipoproteins.

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